Citation Guide

Guidance on how to cite Panorama Research Institute publications, including recommended citation formats for research reports, working papers, policy briefs, and other Institute outputs.

All Panorama Research Institute publications have registered DOIs and should be cited using the citation details provided on each publication's record. The examples below provide recommended formats for each publication type using common citation styles.

Panorama Scholarly Group Format

PSG Author-Date Citation Format

PSG Format is the official author-date citation format of Panorama Scholarly Group. It uses a Chicago-style author-date structure, APA-informed digital metadata practices, and PSG-specific rules for DOI normalization, multilingual references, datasets, software, AI tools, and reference integrity.

Author. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue: Pages. https://doi.org/...

In-text citations

1 author
(Smith 2024)
2 authors
(Smith and Lee 2024)
3 authors
(Smith, Lee, and Wang 2024)
4 or more authors
(Smith et al. 2024)
With page number
(Smith 2024, 25)
Multiple sources
(Chen 2021; Kim 2022; Smith 2024)
No date
(Smith n.d.)

Reference list examples

Journal Article
Smith, John A., Helen K. Lee, and Ming Wang. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Reform in Local Government.” Journal of Public Governance and Society 12, no. 2: 45–63. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx
Book
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Webpage
Panorama Scholarly Group. 2026. “Publication Ethics.” Accessed June 24, 2026. https://example.com/publication-ethics
Dataset
Lee, Sungho. 2024. Survey Data on Digital Public Service Satisfaction in South Korea. Data set. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx
AI Tool
OpenAI. 2026. ChatGPT. Large language model. https://chat.openai.com/

Fixed rules

In-text style
Author-year parenthetical; no comma between author and year
Year position
After author in reference list; no brackets
Article title
Use typographic quotation marks; period inside the closing quote
DOI format
Use https://doi.org/... and no trailing period after DOI or URL
Multilingual title
Original title plus English translation in square brackets
Author connector
Use and, not ampersand
View Official PSG Format

Research Report

APA 7th Edition
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of research report (Research Report No. RR-YYYY-00X). Panorama Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
Chicago 18th Edition
Author, A., and B. Author. Title of Research Report. Research Report No. RR-YYYY-00X. Singapore: Panorama Research Institute, Year. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
MLA 9th Edition
Author, A., and B. Author. Title of Research Report. Research Report No. RR-YYYY-00X, Panorama Research Institute, Year, doi:10.XXXXX/YYYYY.

Working Paper

APA 7th Edition
Author, A. (Year). Title of working paper (Working Paper No. WP-YYYY-00X). Panorama Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
Chicago 18th Edition
Author, A. Title of Working Paper. Working Paper No. WP-YYYY-00X. Singapore: Panorama Research Institute, Year. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
MLA 9th Edition
Author, A. Title of Working Paper. Working Paper No. WP-YYYY-00X, Panorama Research Institute, Year, doi:10.XXXXX/YYYYY.

Policy Brief

APA 7th Edition
Author, A. (Year). Title of policy brief (Policy Brief No. PB-YYYY-00X). Panorama Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
Chicago 18th Edition
Author, A. Title of Policy Brief. Policy Brief No. PB-YYYY-00X. Singapore: Panorama Research Institute, Year. https://doi.org/10.XXXXX/YYYYY
MLA 9th Edition
Author, A. Title of Policy Brief. Policy Brief No. PB-YYYY-00X, Panorama Research Institute, Year, doi:10.XXXXX/YYYYY.

Institutional Citation

When citing the Institute as a whole (for example, in a reference to the Institute's general position or ongoing work), use the following form:

Panorama Research Institute. (Year). [Description of cited content]. Panorama Research Institute. Retrieved from [URL]

Note: When institutional authorship is used, the institution is listed in the author position. Panorama Research Institute operates as an internal division of Panorama Scholarly Group; when a specific author is named on a publication, that author should be listed, followed by the institutional affiliation.

All PublicationsPublication Policy